The Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) is a very commonly used remote sensing index that distinguishes between built-up areas such as buildings, roads, concrete areas, roofs, and other non-permeable surfaces. This method distinguishes among urban locations, vegetation, water, and other land cover types by using the variations in the spectral responses of constructed surfaces in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum and the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrum.