Past due introduction associated with antiretroviral treatments: inequalities through informative st

Author : Raun Bager | Published On : 22 Apr 2025

The effects of GDP and GDP square on environmental degradation are negative and positive, respectively. However, the effects of these two variables on the ecological footprint are reversed in the long run. For a fossil fuel energy-dependent economy as Saudi Arabia, the biomass energy and the demographic dimension linked to urbanization are important levers for the transition to sustainable development, both in the short and in the long term.Taking China as an example, this paper aims to design a path to reduce haze pollution in newly industrialized countries. Combined the principles of efficiency and equity, this study develops a Game Cross Equity Fixed Cost Allocation Model (Game-EFCAM) to optimize provincial PM2.5 reduction targets and put forward haze reduction paths. The main results are as follows (1) Among the three egalitarian principles, pay-ability egalitarianism is the fairest, which serves as the convergence principle of Game-EFCAM. this website (2) The "two mountains and two rivers" area has the largest PM2.5 emission quotas, while the provinces in western China have small PM2.5 emission quotas. In addition, the distributions of PM2.5 emission quotas per unit of population, per unit of gross domestic product, and per unit of area all show significant regional clustering. (3) Shandong and Hebei have the largest amount of PM2.5 emission reduction requirements, while Tianjin and Hainan have the smallest. Xinjiang and Beijing have the largest PM2.5 reduction pressure indexes, while Tianjin and Shanghai have the smallest. This study not only helps China optimize provincial PM2.5 reduction goals, but the proposed allocation method is also applicable to the overall planning of national resources utilization, and provides a reference to newly industrialized countries of haze reduction.Thermal energy conversion and storage plays a vital role in numerous sectors like industrial processing, residential and mass cooking processes, thermal management in buildings, chemical heating, and drying applications. It will also useful in waste heat recovery operations in industrial/thermal power stations. The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticle volume fraction (0%, 2%, and 5%) in a paraffin phase change material (PCM) and heater location (Bottom and Sidewall) in a 2D square thermal energy storage system have been numerically analyzed in this study. Transient thermal analysis has been carried out in ANSYS Fluent R18.1 for 500, 1000, and 3000 s. Laminar flow conditions with an enthalpy porosity model are used to study the solidification and melting behavior of nano-PCM. A Grid independence test has been conducted and selected an optimum number of elements as 115538. The results revealed that the addition of nanoparticles in PCM improves its thermal characteristics. The variation of liquid fraction and temperature profile with time has been recorded, and this is due to Rayleigh-Benard convection. At a given time, the melting rate increases with an increase in nanoparticle concentration up to 2% insertion after that the melting fraction reduces for both bottom wall and sidewall heating. This is mainly due to viscous domination with the increase in physical characteristics like density and viscosity of the fluid. Also, the melting rate in the case of sidewall heating augmented more than the bottom wall heating due to negligible buoyancy effects in former than later. The outcome of this analysis helps to find out the optimum volume concentration of nanoparticles to maximize the thermal energy storage applications.A scientometric analysis based on the Scopus database was conducted to provide insight into research activities on the occurrence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) in groundwater during 1970-2019. The selection of these PTEs was based on their significance concerning their reference frequency in environmental science and pollution research (ESPR) studies and their toxicity to living organisms. The analysis utilizes data about the quantity, type, journal, geographical, institutional, and funding patterns of publications. The results indicate that the publications' annual output has increased over the years, and especially after 2000, it presents a remarkable growth rate. The most studied PTEs were As and Pb; nevertheless, the research on the rest of PTEs cannot be neglected as it shows continuously increasing trends over time. The evolution of instrumentation and the dissemination of contamination case studies that affect a large part of the world population contributed significantly to the scientific community and relative stakeholders' interest. According to the analysis, the USA and China are the two principal countries with the most considerable contribution, producing the most research regarding the number of publications, research institutions, and funding sponsors. China owns the most influential research institution (i.e., Chinese Academy of Sciences) and largest funding sponsor (i.e., National Natural Science Foundation of China; ≈5% of global funding) on a worldwide scale due to its investment in research and development (R&D) and is expected to become the greatest force in the future.Natural bornite (NBo), a sulfide mineral of copper and iron, is one of the main mineral raw materials for copper extraction. In this study, NBo-activated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and persulfate processes (PS) for the degradation of minocycline (MNC) in aqueous solution were systemically investigated and compared. The MNC removal rates with the NBo/PS and NBo/H2O2 processes were 86.40% and 87.50%, respectively. The mineralization rate of NBo/PS (33.96%) was higher than that of NBo/H2O2 (29.94%) after reaction for 180 min. The effects of oxidant and activator dosage, pH, common inorganic anions (i.e., Cl-, NO3-, and HCO3-), and water composition on MNC degradation were systematically evaluated. In addition, the degradation of MNC in natural water matrix and toxicity evaluation was also studied to better evaluate the feasibility of practical application of those two processes. The results of free radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) showed that HO· was the main activated species in the NBo/H2O2 system, while SO4·- and HO· were the main activated species in the NBo/PS system.