dangers of research chemicals

Author : dean willson | Published On : 08 Jan 2024

What are research chemicals ?

Research chemicals  are chemical substances .

Scientists use them for medical and scientific research purposes. 

A research chemical is not intended for human or veterinary use. 

Research chemicals require this distinction on the labels. 

Thus, it exempts them from regulation under parts 100-740 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 

Governments authorise chemical companies to put this on all product labels.

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A chemical substance may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook.[5][page needed] According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties.[6] The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition.[7] Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".[8]

In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.

In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made with a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.

Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution. For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH2- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE.

History[edit]

The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.[9] He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition.[10] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.

Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation about the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism – that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers. And also people can get them online with their credit cards 

 

 

 

Chemistry plays a pivotal role in the strength of the U.S. economy and the advancement of humankind. Chemists' achievements include life-saving pharmaceuticals, advanced energy solutions, improved agricultural productivity, and novel materials used in products from clothing to electronic devices. The many sectors reliant on the U.S. chemical economy account for about 25% of the U.S. GDP and support 4.1 million U.S. jobs. However, a new and evolving chemistry landscape requires changes with regard to funding, training, and a focus on integrating sustainability into manufacturing, product usage, and product disposal.

7-bromo-5-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 5-Phenyl-7-bromo-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one 7-Bromo-5-(phenyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one 7-Bromo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2(3H)-one 7-bromo-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 7-bromo-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one 7-Bromo-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydr

 

 

 

This report identifies strategies and options for research investments that will support U.S. leadership while considering environmental sustainability and developing a diverse chemical economy workforce with equitable opportunities for all chemistry talent. The report recommends that funding agencies and philanthropic organizations who support the chemical sciences fund as large a breadth of fundamental research projects as possible. Chemical industry and their partners at universities, scientific research institutions, and national laboratories should align the objectives of fundamental research to directly assist with new practices toward environmental stewardship, sustainability, and clean energy. Additionally, the report recommends that funding agencies make substantial investment toward education research to enable innovative ways of teaching about emerging concepts, tools and technologies.

 

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Importance of Chemical Research to the U.S. Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

 

To obtain research chemicals and controlled substances from the NIDA DSP, all research investigators will need to prepare a Request Package. A Request Package should include the following items:

 

1. A cover letter including:

 

1. Name, phone number and e-mail address of Research Investigator (and consignee, if applicable),

 

§ Provide a current and complete address that would allow shipment by a suitable carrier such as Federal Express (FedEx) (i.e. street address, building name or number, room number, city and state) - This address should coincide with the address on the DEA order form.

 

§ For radio-labeled drugs or chemical substances, indicate the address to which such materials will be shipped. In case the shipping address is different from the researcher's address, a current copy of the radioactive materials license must be submitted.

 

2. If applicable, NIH grant number of project and name and contact information of project’s NIDA/NIH Program Officer. If a non-grantee, no information on Program Officer and grant number is required.

 

3. Name(s) and quantity of compounds or other substances being requested,

 

§ The total radioactivity (preferred units of measurement, mg per vial, etc.)

 

§ If multiple studies/tasks are planned, combine projected needs into a single order rather than placing several separate requests in a short time interval. The request should generally be limited to four items or drugs/compounds per order to avoid delay.

 

§ Avoid drug abbreviations, and include specifications such as (+), (?), (dl), base, or salt, as appropriate. Please visit the NIDA Drug Supply Catalog (PDF, 11.6MB) (this document is not fully accessible, for help viewing this content, please contact Rik Kline at 301-827-5243), for drug supply information.

 

2. The Research Investigator’s curriculum vitae (CV).

 

3. A detailed research protocol clearly indicating:

 

1. The specific aims and goals of proposed study (preferably the study abstract)

 

2. The number of experiments and experimental subjects

 

3. The dosages or concentration of drugs

 

§ Calculate required amount of drugs or chemical substances for your project and submit your request well in advance of your planned experiments or tasks, or 6?8 weeks prior to depletion of stock on hand for ongoing studies/tasks.

 

4. Justification of quantities of drug(s) requested. If the request is related to a previously submitted protocol, provide a reference to this protocol and a brief statement of progress along with references to resulting publications.

 

4. Statement of commitment that NIDA will be acknowledged in research publications using the NIDA Drug Supply Program.

 

5. A completed DEA Order Form-222 for Schedule I-II controlled substances.

  • DEA Form-222 is not necessary for drugs in Schedules III?V, but a valid registration for the appropriate schedule is required.
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  • Under the third column of DEA Form-222 (Size of Package), list quantities as bulk weight. Radio-labeled compounds must be listed by weight and NOT by units of activity.
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6. A copy of current DEA registration, Form DEA-223 for controlled substances.

  • It is the Research Investigator's responsibility to keep his/her registration current and to verify the drug code for requested drug.
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  • Investigators who request a Schedule I drug and/or Etorphine HCl or Diprenorphine must provide DEA documentation under which the requested drug is covered under their current DEA registration.
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  • Avoid drug abbreviations, and include specifications such as (+), (?), (dl), base, or salt, as appropriate.
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7. For radioactive compounds, a copy of Nuclear Regulatory Commission license. For more information, please visit the Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing website.

 

8. For clinical research projects involving human subjects

 

1. Investigational New Drug (IND) number and a copy of approved IND letter from the FDA. For more information, please visit the FDA IND Application website.

 

2. A copy of your Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval letter ,

 

3. A copy of your Data Safety and Monitoring Plan,

 

4. Proof of registration with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT #)

 

5. A copy of the study consent form(s)

 

9. For basic (non-human) research projects

 

1. A copy of the document demonstrating that the research is approved by the Animal Care & Use Committee and that adequate care in conducting animal research will be exercised (if applicable). For more information, please visit the Animal Care & Use Committee Animal Study Proposal website.

 

10. For ongoing research projects (This includes research previously supported by the NIH prior to request)

 

1. Reference information1 pertaining the previous protocol / FDA approval to the previous protocol

 

2. A brief statement of progress (500 words or less)

 

3. A list of any relevant publications.

 

11. Billing Information for Shipping Costs:

 

1. US investigators should provide their FedEx account number to bill shipping charges,

 

2. International requests for controlled compounds should provide their United Parcel Service (UPS) Supply Chain Solutions account number to bill shipping charges. For non-controlled compounds the investigator should provide their FedEx account number.

 

12. For Foreign Investigators, please submit the Import Permit (preferably in English) issued by an appropriate agency of your government if the request is for an internationally controlled drug substance. The name of the supplier on the import permit must be listed as follows:

 

Research Triangle Institute

Kenneth S. Rehder Ph.D.

Hermann Building , East Institute Drive

P.O. Box 12194

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

  • The import permit should be accompanied by a signed statement from the investigator to the effect that the drug will be used solely for the purpose of research and will not be re-exported. The import permit must contain a clear address and individual name to which the requested drug is to be delivered (not a post office box number). Shipment should be indicated on the import permit as Air Freight to this individual. Specify the appropriate port for customs clearance purposes and provide the name and address of the Customs Clearance Agent, if one is used.
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  • Please obtain the longest possible expiration date on import permits.
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  • Foreign investigators requesting drugs or other substances that are not very stable should be certain to make advance arrangements that would allow these drugs or other substances to be released to them expeditiously. This is particularly relevant when dealing with radioactive materials with high specific activity (>1.0 Ci/mmol). These compounds are shipped as solutions in ice and will not stay cold for more than 48 hours; they must be retrieved and put in cold storage immediately to prevent decomposition.
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  • Foreign investigators should also be aware that compounds are shipped with a listed value for insurance purposes. Since this may cause problems with customs officials, investigators should determine in advance what steps should be taken to avoid these complications. Often an official statement that the compounds are for research only and have no commercial value is sufficient.
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Helpful Notes:

 

Failure to comply with aforesaid guidelines may delay the processing of your request.

 

NOTE 1: ETORPHINE AND DIPRENORPHINE - Request for either of these two compounds should be made on separate order forms when ordering additional compounds at the same time. Etorphine hydrochloride and diprenorphine (free base or hydrochloride) are Schedule II drugs, however etorphine free base is a Schedule I drug. Therefore, etorphine free base should be ordered using DEA Form-222 as is appropriate for all Schedule I drugs.

 

NOTE 2: CARFENTANIL, ETORPHINE AND DIPRENORPHINE – The DEA registration of a research investigator requesting these compounds must show the proper registration for such compounds.